The flag for Proline uses the colours red, blue, white, and black. The white dots represent the number of carbon atoms in the R-Group. But for Proline a blue dot is included since this amino acid P makes a ring structure with the root group. Usually only carbons are represented by dots, but since Proline bends back to the root at the Nitrogen atom its gets representation on the field. Proline is special indeed, it is the only amino acid to do this.
The red and dark blue stripes on the hoist code to the number 16, which represents the 16th letter of the alphabet P, which is one letter abbreviation for the amino acid. Proline also has a three letter abbreviation: Pro.
The Flag for Pyrrolysine uses the colours red, cyan, green, and white. This amino acid is not found in humans, but only in prokaryotes. Since the R-Group has 10 Carbons, there are 10 dot (4+4+2=10). The field is green since it is in a class of its own. It has a ring structure, oxygen, and nitrogen. The nitrogens of the R-group outnumber the oxygens, thus it is a green colour rather than purple. The red and cyan stripe related to the number 15 in colour metrics. And the letter O is 15th number of the alphabet and the single letter abbreviation for this amino acid.
This amino acid was recently discovered in the USA 2002 by Joseph A. Krzychi and Michael K. Chan. Usually the codon UGA is usually a stop signal for making a protein, but for special bacteria and archaea, UGA codes for amino acid O. Effectively this newbie amino acid is only 17 years old, as of 2019. But in the big picture, it is an ancient building block (much older than than the modern human form) that has been used for millions of years by prokaryotes, especially those that make methane. Accordingly when people try to ignite their flatulence, they can thank these microscopic critters that live in your gut.
The flag for Asparagine uses the colours red, green, white, and purple. The two white dots represent the number of Carbon atoms in the R-Group. Since the field is purple this means that the R-Group has Nitrogen and Oxygen. Reason being Nitrogen is usually represented by the colour blue, as the sky is blue and Nitrogen is the most dominant gas. Oxygen is associated with red since blood turns bright red when oxygenated.
The two vertical stripes by the hoist are red and green which is colour coded to the letter N, which is the one letter abbreviation for Asparagine. Asparagine also has a three letter abbreviation: Asn. Red is coded to 1 and green is coded to 4. Together they make 14; and N is the 14th letter in the alphabet.
Asparagine was first discovered in France in 1806 by two French chemists: Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet. As amino acid N suggests it was discovered in asparagus. Asn was in fact the first amino acid that was isolated.
The Methionine flag uses the colours red, yellow, black and mustard-yellow. The vertical stripes along the hoist refer to letter M, which is the single letter abbreviation for this amino acid. The letter M is represented by red and yellow since these two colours make up the number 13 in colour metrics and M is the 13th letter in the alphabet. Red is the first colour of the rainbow, so it represents 1. Yellow is the third colour of the rainbow, so it represents 3.
Methionine has sulfur in its R-Group. Consequently the field in mustard-yellow. Pure sulfur power is yellow, and if you ever smelled that rotten egg smell, it is due to this amino acid. These sulfur amino acids make up proteins in our hair, and if ever got a perm you would have smelled that eggy stink. It comes about in the breaking of sulfur bonds in ones hair.
Methionine is famous in biology class because the codon is a START signal to create a new protein from the 22 known amino acids; or rather a protein-fairy from the known 22 fairy fibers. Once the protein (fairy) is finished it will do cellular magic and make life possible.
The Leucine Flag uses the colours white, red, orange, and black. The vertical stripes by the hoist refer to the 12th letter of the alphabet, which is L. And L is the one letter symbol for Leucine. Leucine also has a three letter abbreviation: Lys. Why do the colours red and orange represent L? Since red is the first colour of the standard rainbow it represents the number 1. Likewise the second colour of the typical rainbow is orange. Put them together in colour metrics and they represent 12.
On the field are four dots that reflect the number of carbon atoms in the R-Group, which gives each amino acid its personality. The pattern is also reflective of L's structure. The bottom dot represents this amino acids connection to the root of COCON, while the upper part represent the branching pattern outwards. Note that Hydrogens are ignored in this flag as well.
The primary disease associated with amino acid is Maple Syrup Urine Disease, which is an inherited disease. People with this disorder can not break down branched amino acids like Leucine, among others. This can lead to death if not treated properly. The treatment is a careful diet regulation and ultimately a liver transplant.
The flag for Lysine uses the common colours of red, white, and blue. And no, these colours don't run. But they can dissolve in water. The square blue field indicates that Nitrogen is present in the R-Group. There is only one Nitrogen to be exact. Also the four dots indicate four Carbons in the R-Group. The patterns also demonstrates the singular long chain structure.
Along the hoist are two vertical red stripes and one thin white stripe. This pattern refers to the fact that the official single letter symbol for Lysine is K. Why not 'L'? Because 'L' is taken by another amino acid: Leucine. To decode the hoist stripes, K is coded to the number 11 because it is the 11th letter of the alphabet and the number 1 is coded to red. Why red? Because the first colour of the standard rainbow is red. Thus two red stripes symbolize 11. And white is assigned contrast indicator, so the white stripe brings contrast, otherwise it'd just look one one red block.
K'lysine was discovered in 1902 by two German alchemists Emil Fischer and Fritz Weigert. Fischer is perhaps more famous for his eponymous Fischer Projections of molecules. Just think of the those diagrams as having fishing lines between atoms and such. Emil is also the founder-highest of high alchemists of IUPAC, since it was his idea.
Lysine became famous in 1993 in the movie Jurrasic Park. It was mentioned as the kill switch, which was a required supplement needed for their survival. So when they cloned the dinosaurs the Jurassigineers disabled the dinosaurs metabolic ability to make Lysine. But as you know, nature has a way of overcoming barriers. Life made it to Hawaii long before humans did, after all.
The Isoleucine flag uses the colours pink, white, and black. The black square field indicates there are neither Nitrogens nor Oxygens in the R-Group, only Carbon (Hydrogens are ignored). The order of the dots also reflects the structure. The lowest dot represents the connection point to the COCON root. The two dots along the fly indicate the two carbon stem, while the dot next to pink stripe represents the short, one carbon stem.
The white and pink stripe reflect the letter I. Reason being I is the 9th letter in the alphabet and the number 9 is represented by the colour pink in colour metrics.
Isoleucine was discovered in Germany in the year 1903 by Felix Ehrlich. Perhaps the most famous disease linked to amino acid I is Maple Syrup Urine Disease. Although the name may sound funny, the consequences are deadly if not treated properly. As the name implies, MSUD, is when ones urine smells like maple syrup.
